In which case did the Court determine that students have limited Fourth Amendment rights at school?

The court case New Jersey v. T.L.O. is significant because it specifically addressed the balance between students' Fourth Amendment rights and the school's need to maintain order and safety. In this 1985 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that while students do have rights under the Fourth Amendment, these rights are somewhat curtailed in the school environment. The case involved a middle school student who was caught smoking in the bathroom, and upon further search of her bag, officials discovered drug paraphernalia.

The central issue was whether the search of T.L.O.'s bag violated her Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Court concluded that the searches in schools do not require a warrant or probable cause, as in other circumstances. Instead, the standard applied is one of "reasonableness," which weighs the need of the school officials to maintain a safe and disciplined educational environment against the student's right to privacy. This establishes that students do not have the same level of Fourth Amendment protections as adults in other contexts, effectively affirming the need for schools to conduct searches to ensure safety while still recognizing some level of constitutional rights.

The other cases listed do not pertain to students' rights in the same way. United States v. Lopez deals with federal